An expanded pidgin has a complex grammar, a developing word formation component, and an increase in speech tempo. It is used in almost all domains of every-day life, for self-expression, word play, literature and is instrumental in providing cohesion in heterogeneous groups.
- Romaine (1988), Pag. 138

It is apparent that the structural differences between an expanded pidgin and an incipient creole will be minimal. The same applies to functional differences, which emphasize the problem in using the criterion of native speakers as the defining feature of creoles to distinguish them from pidgins.
- Romaine (1988), Pag. 155