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In linguistic systems in which phonemes are restricted as to their neighbors, it is also possible to say that the phonemes have certain expectation value: after the English phonemes /par/ adding the phoneme /č/ permits us to expect the phoneme /d/ and the utterance 'parched', or the phoneme /m/ and the morpheme 'parchment', and so on, but not, say, the phoneme /z/. - Harris (1951), a pag.187, n.66
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