Nida and Fehderau [Nida, E. – Fehderau, H. W. 1970. “Indigenous pidgins and koinés”, International Journal of American Linguistics 36: pp. 146-55.] make a useful though limited distinction between what they label koines […] and pidgins, defined as autonomous language varieties considered independently of any normative reference to a vernacular (ethnic) language.
- Manessy (1977), a pag.130