We must distinguish such universals [a] from those which may derive from some supposed innate, language-specific characteristics of man on the one hand [b], and those which derive from the physical nature of the medium on the other [c].
- Le Page (1977), a pag.233

Under [universals] [c] one must be aware of the differential properties of 'speech' and language in an oral tradition as compared with those of 'writing' and language in a literate tradition; it is too readily assumed that the abstraction ‘language’ means the same in each case.
- Le Page (1977), a pag.234

Universals of type [c] would include loudness or repetition for emphasis, or closer linear juxtaposition for close syntactic structure.
- Le Page (1977), a pag.236