[...] 'sub-standard, clearly different from (1) and (2), and (3) [literary standard, colloquial standard, provincial standard], spoken in European countries by the "lower middle" class, in the United States by almost all but the speakers of type (2-3) [colloquial standard - provincial standard], and differing topographically, without intense local difference [...]
- Bloomfield (1935), a pag.52

Both in the gradual assimilation of lesser dialects and in the conversion of individuals and families to standard speech, the result is usually imperfect and is to be described as sub-standard or, in the favorable case, as provincially colored standard [...]
- Bloomfield (1935), a pag.485